The MICRO-WORLD in the THUNDERSTORM

ELECTRICAL EFFECTS
that may HAPPEN in ICE CLOUD-in 3-stages

STAGE-TWO : GROWING of A FROZEN DROP:

Ejection of Charged (-) Ice Fragments

ROGER J. CHENG-ASRC-UALBANY

The FRAGMENTATION of CHARGED ICE PARTICLES

by SUBLIMATION from FROSTY SURFACE of A FROZEN DROP(ICE PELLET)
SUGGESTS A NEW MECHANISM of RAPID ICE MULTIPLICATION PROCESS
and ELECTRIFICATION in A THUNDER CLOUD


SNOW and ICE CLOUD SEEDING	STAGE ONE FREEZING of A WATER DROP	STAGE TWO FRAGMENTATION of A FROZEN DROP	STAGE THREE MELTING of A FROZEN DROP	CHARGE SEPARATION within An ICE CRYSTAL

*****ELECTRICAL EFFECTS*****

that may HAPPEN in ICE CLOUD

*****************************************

NEW SCIENTIST and SCIENCE JOURNAL
VOL.51, NO.765, AUGUST 1971

The exact mechanism of thunderstorm electrification and the glaciations processes in ice clouds that lead up to it. Remain elusive. Earlier this year Monitor reported some work showing how freezing super cooled drops eject tiny positively charged droplets to produce primary electric charge separation (see New Scientist. vol 49. p 54-1970), Roger J. Cheng who discovered this effect, and his colleague Vincent Schemer at the State University of New York. Have now pointed out some related effects in the growth of ice crystals which may account for the observed very rapid glaciations process that typifies certain types of super cooled concessive clouds (Journal de Recherché Atmosphéngues. vol V. no I.-1971).

Such clouds often cause thunderstorms and blizzards. In the laboratory it is possible to generate the kind of small ice crystals seen in Figure d, which closely resemble those found by sampling actual clouds of this type, by forming a layer of frost on a cold piece of ice. Schaefer and Cheng say the effect can be demonstrated by putting some dry ice into a polythene bag and sticking the bag in warm air. The bag soon becomes coated with a dust-like frost layer which grows and eventually sprouts minute tree-like growths of ice crystals. Under a low-power microscope these particles arc seen to be intensely mobile, twisting and writing, breaking off from the surface, and sometimes exploding into masses of even smaller fragments. the photograph shows, the ice particles are often very tenuously attached to the surface. It seems obvious that their motions must be a response to static electrical forces.

The two cloud physicists propose that a similar mechanism is at work on the surfaces of hailstones which form in Convective clouds at an early stage when there are plenty of droplets and moisture for their growth. As they get larger they fall into regions of warmer air which, if it is super-saturated. Coats them with a delicate layer of frost. The disintegration of the frost particles leads to further nuclei for the development of new ice crystals. Thus providing a chain reaction of glaciations. Figure C shows an experimental hailstone-in a moist environment repelling frost particles electrically from ice dendrites. Under the microscope the ice particles can be seen to move vigorously in response to an electrically charged object. The stems” of the ‘trees” are, in many cases, very thin (often less than five micrometers) that they would be expected to evaporate easily, adding to the fragility of this frost layer. And. In fact, Schaefer and Cheng have observed progressive thinning of the particle’s attachments in this manner.

Cheng recently wrote to Monitor pointing out that their team has now determined that the ejected ice particles from frosty surfaces mostly carry negative electrical charges. Presumably leaving the surface in question with a net positive charge. Once a basic charge-separation mechanism of this kind has been proven it becomes possible to suggest means by which larger and smaller components are physically separated and thus build up the high voltages characteristic of thunder clouds. It appears that protons travel more easily through ice and tend to congregate at the colder parts. In Cheng’s earlier experiment the warmer water droplets were positively charged and the residual freezing parent drop negatively charged. On disintegrating frosty surfaces this situation is apparently reversed.

Another later discovery is that ejected ice fragments certainly can be grown to produce perfect ice crystals.

The MICRO-WORLD

in the THUNDERSTORM

HOME

ATMOSPHERIC

SCIENCES

SNOW and ICE

CLOUD SEEDING

FREEZING

of A WATER DROP

FRAGMENTATION

of A FROZEN DROP

MELTING of

A FROZEN DROP

CHARGE within

An ICE CRYSTAL

PUBLICATION

and CITATION

SERENDIPITY in SCIENCE-Twenty Years at Langmuir University

An Autobiography by DR. Vincent J. SCHAEFER

MY MENTOR, TEACHER & FRIEND

*******************************************************************************************************************************

ROGER J CHENG: ASRC UALBANY SUNYA

纽约州立大学，大气科学研究中心郑均华研究员

Chapter 13
Vince's Colleagues Recollect

A Life Inspired by Dr. Schaefer

The first time I saw Dr. Vincent J. Schaefer’s name was during my student research in a library on the subject of ice and crystal growth in 1965. I was one of the team members of Dr. Seymour Hess's group at Florida State University. We were in the process of designing a very sensitive hygrometer for Martian exploration for a NASA project.

I wrote to Dr. Schaefer for advice and for suggestions on our task. He wrote back and mentioned a new Department of Atmospheric Sciences was just formed at the State University of New York at Albany, and was a newly emerging scientific field.

I transferred to Albany in 1968 and Dr. Schaefer offered me a job working ten hours a week for $1.25 an hour at the newly formed Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC). I stayed there for the next thirty-three years!

On one snowy day, I was sitting with Dr. Schaefer in his basement and with a beer in hand I talked with him about the coming new science education arrangement. He pointed to the window and said to me, "Roger, see those tiny ice particles falling from the frosty gutter on the edge of the house? I have been watching this phenomenon for many years I Just could not figure out what is going on there, why don't you look into the problem?"

Ten months later. I gave him a report showing the way that the ice crystals had been broken up and how they carried negative electric charges. He wrote a paper entitled "The production of ice crystal fragments by sublimation and electrification" and very surprisingly with my name as co-author (Dr. Schaefer had very few co-authors for his publications at ASRC). It was published as the featured cover article in the Journal de Recherches Atmospheriques in 1971. This paper was cited later by the New York Times, London Times, New Scientist, as well as Russian television and many governmental publications this research I had conducted was later confirmed in 1991 by scientists at MIT.

This small technical report was the beginning of our ten years of research on the subject of ice crystal formation and related electrical charges generated in a thundercloud. By the order of Dr. Schaefer a laboratory to study and assist other ASRC scientists on the subject of atmospheric particulates was created and I was appointed its manager At his suggestion I began playing with snowflakes under three different types of microscopes and was the author of five technical reports. My photographs of the snow crystals and reports were all selected by the editors as the featured cover articles.

During my years with Dr. Schaefer I assisted him with his Natural Sciences Institute, one of his pet projects, (science education) and even babysat his students when he was working in the field.

His methods were clearly summed up when he said on August 15, 1960: "As long as we give young minds the privilege and the facilities to roam far and wide, and from time to time to play with unpractical things such as snow crystals, water drops, they are bound to come up with some exciting new angles on the mysteries of nature."

He always said to his students and to me as well: "Go and get your dream! Do not give up and let anyone or anything stop you! Please enjoy it and have fun!"

I did.

Roger J. CHENG 2013 ASRC UALBANY

http://www.squarecirclepress.com/books/SerendipityinScience.htm

http://rogerjcheng.com/SNOW,%20ICE%20and%20WEATHER%20MODIFICATION%20STUDY%20by%20ROGER%20J%20CHENG-ASRC.htm

rogerjcheng.com/LET%20IT%20SNOW%20-CLOUD%20MICRO-PHYSICS.htm

http://rogerjcheng.com/

The MICRO-WORLD in the THUNDERSTORM

A JOURNEY through MICROSCOPE

exploring

The UNSEEN SECRETS of The THUNDERSTORM

THE PRODUCTION of ICE CRYSTAL FRAGMENTS
by SUBLIMATION and ELECTRIFICATION
Vincent J. SCHAEFER and Roger J. CHENG
Atmospheric Sciences Research Center
State University of New York, Albany, N.Y... U.S.A

JOURNAL de RECHERCHES ATMOSPHERIQUES (1971)

ABSTRACT

Observations of ice crystal fragments ejected from a frost ice surface during a positive growth cycle suggest a multiplication process of glaciations in the atmosphere. Photomicrographic studies reveal that the structures of ice particles are identical to ‘most samples collected in natural convective clouds and the mechanism for their breakage is due to sublimation governed by curvature effect rather than by mechanical fracture.

A simple mechanism is described which may explain the rapid glaciations which commonly occur in the cold portions of super cooled convective clouds. The process begins with the formation of a few ice particles in the cloud. Since they have no competition for moisture and cloud droplets present, they grow rapidly by crystal growth and the accretion of cloud droplets. As they enlarge through dry growth to form graupel or hail particles, their falling velocity increases so that they encounter warmer supersaturated air. This causes the graupel particles to become coated with a very fragile dendritic frost coating.
Laboratory studies of this mechanism are very spectacular. A simple demonstration of the basic phenomenon can be observed by placing dry ice in a polyethylene bag in warm air. Within a few seconds a dust-like layer of frost will be seen which rapidly grows until dendritic growths appear. Low power magnification shows a very rapid development of frostiness, accompanied by great mobility of particles. It soon becomes obvious that this growth involves electrification phenomena, the dendritic <TREE> twisting and turning as they respond to the moisture flow, electrical stress and growth environment. At times an entire tree will suddenly shoot off and then disintegrate into myriads of fragments as they literally explode.
With a less intense temperature gradient, the same effects can be seen but with less rapid changes.
Figures 1-a, b and c show the moisture and particle relationships observable within a 8-minute period in which there was a temperature difference of 5C degree between simulated graupel particle and its moist environment. 1-a is the initial flow pattern of super-cooled droplets around the particle when it is first placed in a moist environment. 1-b shows the moisture, liquid and ice crystal particle regime which develops in one minute. 1-c depicts some of the ice particles ejected from the frosty environment as the dendritic trees become electrified and are repelled by the particle. It is possible that electrification develops due to the Workman-Reynolds effect.
Figures 2-a, b and c illustrate the tenuous attachments which bind frost crystals grown from water vapor and accreted frozen cloud droplets. Since these attachments often have diameters of less than 5 microns, they readily evaporate, even when the larger portions are growing, because of the difference in vapor pressure these slender columnar attachments and the more massive ice structures nearby. In many instances the ice growths forming the dendritic trees appear to be held together by nothing but electrical attraction. Some of the branches of the trees will be seen to rotate with complete freedom. If a charged object is brought nearby, much of the structure responds as in a magnetic field and some of the formations will fly toward the charged object or will be repelled in an opposite direction at high velocity. At times these fragments will be seen to disintegrate into many small particles.
Careful examination of the ice particles in convective clouds such as produce thunder, in blizzards and in intense lake-effect snow storms, show ice particles very much like the nondescript particles collected from the simulated graupel particle growth regime described here, and will be found illustrated in a number of recent papers published in the scientific literature [1], [2], [3].
Another simple and spectacular demonstration of this phenomenon can be observed by placing a metal plate, cooled to -10C degree, 1 cm above a water surface and illuminated with daylight or a beam from a flashlight. In less than a minute after placing the cold plate above the water surface, a dense miniature snow storm can be seen in the space between the water and the cold plate.
Dependent on the temperature profile existing between an icy precipitation particle and its warmer environment, the shape of the frost crystals which form will follow the classical growth pattern outlined by Nakaya [4] or modified by environmental gaseous impurities [5] Variations we have observed are shown in Figures 8-a, b, e and d. Notice also in these illustrations, especially in 3-a and 3-d, the very small ice structures which hold the mass together.
Although Odencrantz has suggested a multiplication process of glaciations which he
believes is caused by frost growth, the illustrations used by him [6], [7] are very different from the method we are describing here, and we find ourselves in agreement with Smith-Johannsen [8] that the modified crystalline structures he uses to illustrate his papers are due to artifacts produced by the replications processes used.
The basic experiments illustrated in this paper are not new discoveries. The senior author first encountered the phenomenon in his original studies of frost crystal replication. The concept of frost shedding, causing a sort of chain reaction within a super cooled cloud, was described in his notebook at General Electric on the day he discovered the dry ice effect on July 13, 1946, and a brief reference to this work was published [5] two years later. Electrical aspects of the phenomena were mentioned in several papers [9], [10] and most recently in ICCIN [11].
The laboratory experiments have been shown to many persons over the years. To our knowledge no one has yet pointed out these interesting relationships.
It should be emphasized that the phenomena described in this paper are observed only during a strong positive growth cycle and not during an evaporating phase as discussed by Ruskin [12], Cross [13] and others, and is rarely of whisker-like structure but mostly of a nondescript but more < massive > structure than filamentous.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
Although I (Schaefer) have known of this phenomenon for 24 years, described it at a public meeting about 20 years ago, and have referred to it in several papers cited, the present paper resulted directly from an impetus received during the visit last winter to the Island of Hokkaido as part of our Japanese-American Scientific Cooperative Program, NSF Grant GF-280. While stormbound at a ski hostel in the high mountains near Nisekoxx hot Springs, I spent part of the demonstrating to Dr. Choji Magono and two of his associates, the phenomenon described in this paper. Using a chunk of dry ice held in a polyethylene bag, I was able to show him the extremely rapid growth of dendritic frost formations, the high charge which develops on the ice crystals which form, and the manner in which the dendritic trees suddenly leave the cold surface and disintegrate into myriads of tiny ice fragments. Although Dr. Magono is an exceedingly well informed and capable experimentalist, he had never encountered this phenomenon and immediately made plans to make some laboratory studies of the effect which occurs under these conditions.
This was an unexpected development which flowed from the National Science Foundation grant mentioned, and this support is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
[1] Mossop S.C.--- Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 51. p. 474 (1970).
[2] Koenig L.R. .J. Atm. Sc.. 25, p. 460 (1968).
[3] MOSSOP S.C. and ONO A. - J. Atm. Sc. 26, P 130 (1969).
[4] NAKAYA U. — Snow crystals. Harvard University Press (1954), 504 P.
[5] SCHAEFER V.J. Chemical Reviews. 44, p. 291 (1949).
[6] ODENCRANTZ F.K. et a!. ---Sciences, 100, p. 1345 (1968).
[7] ODENCRANTZ F.K. J. Atm Sc., 27, p. 167 (1970).
[8] SMITH-JOHANNSEN R.I. ---Science, 163, p. 958 (1969).
[9] SCHAEFER V.J. — Final Report, Project Cirrus, Contract # DA-36-039-SC-15345. G.E. Res.Lab., Schenectady, N.Y., pp. 52-9 (1953).
[10] SCHAEFER V.J. — J. Appl. Met., 7, p. 452 (1968).
[11] SCHAEFER V.J. — Proc. of 7th Int. Conf. on Condensation and Ice Nuclei, Prague. p. 167 (1969)
[12] Ruskin R.E. — Science, 166, p. 906 (1969).
[13] Cross J.D. —- Science. 164. p. 174 (1969).

JOURNAL de RECHERES ATMOSPHERIQUES (1971)
"The Production of Ice Crystal Fragments by Sublimation and Electrification"
Vol V. No I.-1971
SCHAEFER and CHENG

NEGATIVELY CHARGED ICE PARTICLES being
EJECTED from FROST SURFACE of an ICE PELLET(FROZEN DROP)
ROGER J CHENG-ASRC-UALBANY

TWO TYPES of AEROSOL ARE GENERATED from the FROZEN DROP(ICE PELLET) 1, ELECTRICALLY CHARGED ICE PARTICLES (ICE FRAGMENTS and RIMED CLOUD DROPS) REPELLING from ICE SURFACE ELECTRICALLY. 2, MICRO-DROPLETS ALSO formed by CONDENSATION of VAPOR NEAR THE ICE SURFACE --FREE FALL due to NO CHARGES.--THERE IS NO PHYSICAL SEPARATION.
FORMATION of FROST GROWTH and RIMED CLOUD DROPS on ICE SURFACE SHAPES of FROSTINGS. WHICH OCCUR at SEVERAL TEMPERATURE FOLLOWING NAKAYA'S ICE PATTERN GROWTH. LATENT HEAT RELEASED ON THE ICE SURFACE due to PHASE CHANGE of WATER to ICE . THE TEMPERATURE on The ICE SURFACE IS ALWAYS HIGHER THEN the INTERIOR DURING the STATE of GROWTH. .
PROGRESSIVE FROST GROWTH on ICE SURFACE and SUBLIMATIONAL NARROWING STEM of CRYSTALS due to The CURVATURE EFFECT,---DIFFERENT VAPOR PRESSURES on ICE SURFACE. THIS IS FOLLOWING by NATURALLY BREAKUP of ICE FRAGMENTS (ICE PARTICLES and FROZEN DROP) FROM THE ICE SURFACE DURING The STATE of GROWTH.
SAMPLES of EJECTED ICE FRAGMENTS(right) from the ICE SURFACE of A FROZEN DROP(left) DURING the STAGE of GROWTH.

****NEGATIVELY CHARGED ICE PARTICLES****

being EJECTED from FROST SURFACE of an ICE PELLET

FIGURE C SHOWS AN EXPERIMENTAL HAILSTONE in A MOIST ENVIRONMENT REPELLING FROST PARTICLES ELECTRICALLY from ICE SURFACE.

PHOTOGRAPHED by STROBOSCOPE (3 FLASHES ) REVEALING the ACCELERATION of EACH EJECTED ICE PARTICLE from ICE SURFACE.

PLEASE NOTE--THE DISTANCE BETWEEN EACH EJECTED ICE PARTICLE with SAME ELECTRICAL CHARGES

.

THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT:
Workman, E. .J. and S. E. Reynolds,

LIFE CYCLE of A WATER DROP in THUNDERCLOUD

THREE STAGES of FRAGMENTATION

REFERENCE-

THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT:
Workman, E. .J. and
S. E. Reynolds,

Electrical phenomena occurring during the freezing of dilute aqueous solution and their possible relationship to thunderstorm electricity.

Phys. Rev., 78 254 259 ,I950.

THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT

CONFIRMATION by DR. EARLE R. WILLIAM'S TERM at MIT

Micro-droplets are generated by the freezing of a super cooled water drop, which is followed by the ejection of electric charged ice fragments from a frosty surface of the frozen drop. This observed microscopic phenomenon of fragmentation of hydrometeors with their accompanying electrical charges suggests a mechanism of rapid glaciations of ice multiplication process and electrification in the atmosphere.

COMMENTS on THUNDERBALL PROJECT

A microscopic study on physical processes of precipitations

in a thundercloud

their nucleation, fragmentation and electrification,

by Roger J. CHENG--ASRC-SUNY-ALBANY

1. LONDON TIMES, London, England, Jan. 4, 1971-Science Report-WEATHER,
“How Lightning May be Produced,”
.... .the observation of this separation process may therefore be the prime factor in the generation of thunderstorm electricity....”
2. ANN ARBOR NEWS, Jan. 31, 1971-The Science Beat, “Causes Lightning?”
. . .A. D. Moore, University of Michigan, Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering, and one of the world’s foremost authorities on electrostatics, says what could be the big ‘breakthrough’ in knowledge of what causes electrical discharges during thunder storms..... .the best explanation yet of the electrical discharges we hear as thunder and see as lightning...”
3. NEW SCIENTIST, London, England, Vol. 734, Jan. 1971. “
. . .Recent observation by Roger Cheng of the University of New York reveals a fascinating new microscopic process which almost certainly has an important bearing on how thunderclouds become charged to their high voltages....”
4. SUMMARY REPORT WEATHER MODIFICATION, Fiscal Year 1972,
by US Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
from chapter Cloud Electricity and Lightning Modification, “.....investigators from the State University of New York at Albany (Cheng, 1970) have been studying the freezing of super cooled water drops. suggestion that this mechanism might be important in the generation of thunderstorm electricity....”
5. Dr. J. V. Iribame, University of Toronto, Canada,
..... I believe that separation of liquid droplets, rather than ice splinters, may be a basic process causing electrification during riming of super cooled droplet....”
6. Dr. Herbert A. Phol, University of Cambridge, England,
.... .it opens up several new pathways. .1 am citing your work in my chapter in A.D. Moore’s forthcoming book on Electrostatics....”
7. Dr. Senichi Masuda, Chairman, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan,
.... .1 would like to use the photomicrograph related to your article in SCIENCE, ..'Water Drop Freezing: Ejection of Microdroplets' in my book, “MODERN APPLIED ELECTROSTATICS”.
8. Dr. Leonard B. Loeb, Professor of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, “
... it could well be that this is one of the main sources of thunderstorm electrification—
especially since it has been shown that B.J. Mason’s splintering theory has proven inadequate.., you have made a most interesting discovery.
9. Dr. C. L. Andrews, Professor of Physics, SUNYA,
..... it is the most beautiful combination of mechanics, thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism and optics... you have initiated a field worthy of a few lifetimes of study...
10. Britanica Yearbook of Science and the Future, 1973, BRITANICA ENCYCLOPEDIA,
from Review of Atmospheric Science, by Dr. L. J. Battan, Professor of Atmospheric Science,
Director of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Arizona,
.... .this separation mechanism could possibly generate lightning in storm clouds...
11. The World Book Science Annual 1974, SCIENCE YEAR from Science Report “The New Rainmaker”
by Dr. C. L. Hosler, Dean, College of Earth & Mineral Sciences, Penn State University, “
...tiny particles of ice break off..., and scattering electrically charged micro-droplets..., such studies help explain rapid changes in the cloud...”
12. Dr. Choji Magono, Professor, Geophysical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan,
Chairman: Section of Ice and Snow Crystals, International Conference on Cloud Physics, 1968 in his keynote paper at the conference, .... .Cheng (1967) observed many clumped ice crystals and considered that the clumping was caused by Coulomb force. The author also observed clumped ice crystals...and found that the clumping seemed to occur under a microscope by Coulomb force...”
13. From “Aggregation Phenomena of Ice Crystals,” Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,
Vol. 50, No. 5, October, 1972, “......it is noted.. .that the ice crystals observed were in a state of growth in which the charge separation could occur within an ice crystal, as pointed out by Cheng (1967).”

The MICRO-WORLD

in the THUNDERSTORM

HOME

ATMOSPHERIC

SCIENCES

SNOW and ICE

CLOUD SEEDING

FREEZING

of A WATER DROP

FRAGMENTATION

of A FROZEN DROP

MELTING of

A FROZEN DROP

CHARGE within

An ICE CRYSTAL

PUBLICATION

and CITATION

INTERNATIONAL VISITORS at CHENG'S LABORATORY

INTERNATIONAL CITATIONS

ICE MULTIPLICATION PROCESS in the ATMOSPHERE

Roger J. CHENG-- ASRC UALBANY

1, INTERNATIONAL CONF. WEATHER MODIFICATION,
TASHKENT, U S S R, OCTOBER 1973
2, JOURNAL of WEATHER MODIFICATION,
VOL, 3, NO. 1, APRIL 1974

RUSSIAN TELEVISION AIRS SUNYA RESEARCHER
INTERNATIONAL CONF.-ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY
ST. PETERSBURY, RUSSIA-1992

ROGER J. CHENG: ASRC SUNYA


HOME	EXHIBIT	ATMOSPHERE	OCEAN	ENVIRONMENT	LET IT SNOW	SCIENCE EDUCATION	COMMUNITY SERVICE	CHINA CONNECTION	CHENG'S HAVING FUN

The MICRO-WORLD in the ATMOSPHERE

ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY -

REFERENCES

Roger J. CHENG : ASRC-UALBANY

.1. SCIENCE (1970)

"Water Drop Freezing: Ejection of Microdroplets"****

2. UMSCHAU in WISSENSCHAFT and TECHNIK (1971) "Das Gefruern von Wassentropfen: Ausstobung von Kleintrofchen"

.

3. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE on CLOUD PHYSICS (1972)

"Three Stages of Massive Fragmentation of Hydrometeors and Electrification in the Atmosphere"

4. A. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE on NUCLEATION (1973).

.B. THE JOURNAL OF WEATHER MODIFICATION (1974).****

"The Mechanism of Multiplication Process of Glaciation in the Atmosphere"

5. AMS CLOUD PHYSICS & ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY CONFERENCE (1978)

"Ice Pellet Melting: Ejection of Micro-droplets".

6. JOURNAL de RECHERES ATMOSPHERIQUES (1971)

"The Production of Ice Crystal Fragments by Sublimation and Electrification" (Schaefer & Cheng)****

.

7. QUARTERLY JOURNAL of the ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY (1991)

"Charge Separation Associated with Frost Growth" (Williams, et. al)

.

8. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE on CLOUD and PRECIPITATION (1992)

"Sublimational Break-up of Secondary Ice Particles Associated with Frost Growth"

.

9. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE on ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY (1992)

"Fragmentation of Charged Ice Particles Associated with Frost Growth"

.

10. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE on CLOUD PHYSICS (1968)

A. "Problem on Physical Understanding of Snowfall Phenomena"(Magono)

B. "The Effect of the Nucleus on Ice Crystal Structure" (Schaefer and Cheng)

.

11. ASRC YELLOWSTONE FIELD RESEARCH EXPEDITION

A. "Joined Ice Crystals from Seeding Experiments" (1967)

B. "Microscopic Study of Ice Crystals in Yellowstone" (Magono, et al) (1968)

.

12. JOURNAL of the METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY of JAPAN (1972)

"Aggregation Phenomena of Ice Crystals" (Magono, et al).

.

13. THE MICROSCOPE (1970)

"Microscopic Study of Lead Iodide - Nucleated Ice Crystals" ****

(Cheng & Hogan).

.

14. UMSCHAU in WISSENSCHAFT und TECHNIK (1971)

"Blei in Eiskritallen"

.

15. BULLETIN of AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY (1973)

"Crystallization of Silver Iodide"****

.

16. WEATHERWISE (1985)

"Weather in the Small Scale" ****

****: FEATURED COVER ARTICLES by EDITORS